Performance
Tools
jmh
, the Java Microbenchmark Harness takes care of statistical probability calculations to take meaningful results.- Trial
- Setup (at trial, iteration, invocation levels)
- Teardown
- Blackhole ensures values are "used".
- Load generators:
- JMeter
- Gatling
- Faban
- MicroFocus LoadRunner
Where to start
- High CPU usage: profiler.
- High GC time: heap profiler.
- CPU time decrease and GC time decrease: may be a sign of lock contention, look for synchronisation bottlenecks in stack data.
- Application latencies: JFR.
- Data store latency: slow query logs, CPU and I/O metrics.
When benchmarking
- Ensure the code cache is adequately warmed up: be sure to run warm-up iterations in each JVM before starting measurement.
- Be sure to use values, else you risk the code that generates them being optimised out by the compiler.
- Make use of different values (either random or predetermined) to avoid pre-calculation of values.
- Use the
volatile
keyword to ensure operations aren't optimised out. - Tighter iterations in smaller benchmarks will encounter more lock contention due to synchronisation issues not present in the context of a broader application.
- The GC profile matters: short-lived objects may be discarded in minor GCs during benchmarking but in an application executing many threads may be promoted, requiring expensive full GCs.
Children